Far Eastern Dream Weavers

Posted by: GBlake  :  Category: Lifestyle

Washington

‘Woven Treasures of Japan’s Tawaraya Workshop” fills two rooms of the Textile Museum with finely woven silks in a display so visually intense you could swear you feel the fabrics’ smoothness on your skin. On one length of silk, pairs of purple cranes woven into a white, patterned background fan their wings to form roundels. Nearby, nestled butterflies and flowers create lozenges on a red brocade, while a kimono shimmers with a pattern of stylized cherry blossoms and spring-green leaves. Although all are woven, some motifs are so raised they look embroidered while others hide inside the fabric like traces from a spirit world.

Woven Treasures

Of Japan’s

Tawaraya Workshop

The Textile Museum

Through Aug. 12

[WOVEN1]

The Textile Museum

A Uchigi ceremonial court robe

The 37 silks on display are the work of the 16th, 17th and 18th generations of Kitagawa men who have headed the 500-year-old Tawaraya workshop in Nishijin, a neighborhood of Kyoto synonymous with silk-weaving. Like his forefathers before him, the current head, Hyoji Kitagawa, spent years dyeing, weaving and researching before taking over the workshop, known for its refined aesthetic and its reproductions of ancient textiles.

Besides offering beauty, the show therefore also provides a glimpse into the history of Japan’s silk weaving. A red silk with rows of yellow, white and pink peonies hangs next to a white kimono with purple and green phoenixes. The latter reproduces a 13th-century court robe, the earliest surviving example of the formal court attire that emerged during the Heian period (794-1185). The former reproduces a bold design of the 15th to 16th century made for samurai who wanted to stand out from the court aristocracy.

Far Eastern Dream Weavers

The Textile Museum

Reproductions of eighth-century textiles, for their part, illustrate the extent to which early Japanese designs imitated goods imported from Tang dynasty (618-907) China. A red brocade teems with black birds, yellow rabbits and striped tigers in a landscape of green flowering trees and mythical mountains. Very Chinese. But, on a gold twill nearby, the vignettes of prolific palm trees flanked by tall men and standing lions recall Sassanian motifs from third- to seventh-century Persia—a reminder that Chinese Tang weavers themselves drew inspiration from points from farther west along the Silk Road.

It took Mr. Kitagawa more than two years to unravel the secrets of this gold twill. He had to reformulate an acorn dye, figure out the structure, and add more stability to the weave by wetting the yarn. For a sheer tour-de-force, however, nothing beats the thin blue gauze—or ra—with a rippling floral design so complicated and labor-intensive that it fell out of production after the eighth century, according to Lee Talbot, curator of the museum’s Eastern Hemisphere Collections.

In most textiles, the weaver manipulates only the weft, the set of threads that runs horizontally, while the vertical warp threads remain fixed. Here, the weaver manipulates both, and even the most skilled weavers can produce only about four inches a day. After studying fragments preserved in the Todai Temple in Nara, Mr. Kitagawa’s father, Heiro, the 17th-generation Kitagawa to head the Tawaraya, successfully re-created the ra. This earned Heiro Kitagawa (who died in 1988) his first designation as “National Living Treasure,” an honor the government reserves for individuals deemed part of Japan’s cultural patrimony. The government recognized him again for his preservation of yusoku orimono, an honor it also bestowed on his son in 1999.

Yusoku orimono is a tricky term. It refers to the craft of dying the yarn in such a way that the design emerges in the weaving process (as opposed to being printed or embroidered afterward). These yusoku orimono silks, Mr. Talbot explains, “were restricted to the aristocracy,” so that the term also refers to rules that govern which symbols and colors each rank of nobility could wear.

Because kimonos are uniformly T-shaped and vary only slightly in cut, the fabric is key: its texture, weight, color and pattern, and the way each robe in a multilayered garment interacts with the others. The show only hints at this interaction by, for example, overlapping green and yellow companion silks designed for Crown Princess Masako’s wedding in 1993. The five robes it displays, however, consist only of the outer layer. This is partly due to logistics—the workshop retains only remnants of commissions. But it also illustrates that these woven silks have moved from the realm of yo no bi, or “beauty in functionality,” to that of artifact. An ethereal pink-gauze robe with faint, crisscrossing lines and bright white dianthus was commissioned by the State Guest House in Kyoto, which also displayed it solo as we see it here. The only nod toward its function is a slight pooling of cloth on the floor, a reminder of how it should be worn, and the green-and-white edging that presumably ties this outer layer to its companion inner robes.

This and other original designs in the show reflect an aesthetic that is steeped in history, favors harmony over contrast, and often exhibits restraint. But even with updated production methods that cut down on labor, these silks are expensive and their market is shrinking. Mr. Kitagawa himself, at 76, is looking toward retirement. With no successor in training, he will be the last in his line to head the Tawaraya workshop, making this show both celebration and swan song.

Ms. Lawrence is a writer based in Brooklyn, N.Y.

A version of this article appeared April 12, 2012, on page D4 in the U.S. edition of The Wall Street Journal, with the headline: Far Eastern Dream Weavers.

© 2011 Wall Street Journal (www.wsj.com)

SA home is an architectural gem

Posted by: GBlake  :  Category: Lifestyle

Making one’s way through the opulent suburb of Fresnaye in Cape Town, South Africa, it’s not unusual to be surrounded by imposing mansions, beautiful mountains drenched in green and the sparkling sapphire-blue ocean. Of all this visual candy, there is one truly magnificent home perched on the edge of a koppie – or small hill – overlooking the Atlantic, that really demands one’s attention.

Owned by Stefan Antoni – one of the directors at Stefan Antoni Olmesdahl Truen Architects (SAOTA), the firm that designed and constructed the home – and his wife Carla, this modern dwelling’s allure is due in part to the levels and layers that make up its structure and capture the feel of the surrounding natural landscape and nearby beaches, as well as its fantastic location.

It was the mix of the views that span Cape Town’s Atlantic seaboard out towards Robben Island as well as the intoxicating clarity of the seaside light that persuaded Stefan and Carla to demolish their original city pad and create a larger home for their growing family. "I’ve never really wanted to move from this spot," Stefan says. "It’s so unique; its position at the intersection of a number of roads, its orientations and I suppose the way I blended all this together makes it capture the view like no other home in the area."

Renowned for his ability to design houses on the steepest of mountain sites – of which Cape Town has many – Stefan admits that "this was perhaps my most difficult project to date". Constructed on a triangular plot, Stefan had to utilise as much of the space as possible, resulting in an undulating structure with curvaceous balconies that jut out gently around the house, making full use of the property and maximising views. The home includes Stefan’s dual-level penthouse with two en-suite bedrooms, a living area and a kitchen on the first level, a studio, third bedroom and garage on the lower level, as well as an apartment underneath. On the roof, which is found off the main living area up a beautiful set of marble stairs, is a private swimming pool and sun terrace with curtained four-poster sun beds and a view Stefan describes as "pure Rio de Janeiro".

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© 2011 Gulf News (www.gulfnews.com)

Thomas Jefferson’s Vegetable Garden: A Thing Of Beauty And Science

Posted by: GBlake  :  Category: Lifestyle

Story By: by Graham Smith

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by Peter J. Hatch

Hardcover, 263 pages | purchase

More on this book:

In the nearby South Orchard, he grew 130 varieties of fruit trees like peach, apple, fig and cherry.

All the time, he carefully documented planting procedures, spacings of rows, when blossoms appeared, and when the food should come to the table. Behind Jefferson’s “zeal to categorize the world around him” was a patriotic mission, Hatch says.

Jefferson wrote, “The greatest service which can be rendered any country is to add a useful plant to its culture.”

Hatch says, “He believed that plants could transform society.” Jefferson even mused that the slavery of African-Americans in the Deep South might be replaced if sugar maple trees could replace sugar cane. He said they’d be so simple to tend, children could do it.

Despite those words, Jefferson used slave labor to construct the garden and worked there daily with his enslaved African-American Wormley Hughes, the same man who later dug Jefferson’s grave.

A bee buzzes the crimson clover at Monticello.

Lots of things failed in the garden. His entries from 1809 show the carrots, beets, sorrel and okra, the cauliflower, tarragon and Chinese melons missing the mark. Jefferson cites Windsor Beans as “killed by bug” and notes on Aug. 21: “From the 7th of Apr. to this day, excessive drought and cold. Now a good rain.”

Hatch gives some hope to home gardeners who might want to experiment themselves. “The use of the word ‘failed’ is repeated throughout [Jefferson's] garden book, and one wonders if any gardener has written about failure as much as Thomas Jefferson. He once also wrote that if he failed 99 times out of 100, that one success was worth the 99 failures,” Hatch says.

These days, some of the Jefferson garden bounty is sold to the cafe at Monticello, some goes home with employees, and many plants in the garden are allowed to go to seed. Hatch says Jefferson’s once-pioneering garden now acts as a seed bank to perpetuate rare lines and varieties like Prickly-seeded Spinach and Dutch Brown lettuce, all for sale at the gift shop.

Despite the diversity of vegetables Jefferson’s garden produced, the recipes unearthed by scholars and attributed to his family were quite typical for the day: Boil everything. Some of the recipes survived and were reprinted in The Congressional Cook Book (1933). If you’re looking for instructions for Colonial American-style Cabbage Pudding and Dried Beans, check this out. They’re hard to make out, but here are some written in Jefferson’s own hand.

London show celebrates 60 years of British glamour

Posted by: GBlake  :  Category: Lifestyle


LONDON |
Tue May 15, 2012 2:37pm EDT

LONDON (Reuters) – A decadent gown made from feathers and a printed lace latex dress designed by some of fashion’s luminaries will go on display as part of a new exhibition to celebrate the glitz and glamour of Britain’s ballgowns.

Ballgowns: British Glamour Since 1950, on at London’s Victoria and Albert Museum from May 19 until January 2013, showcases a collection of 60 dresses marking the journey of formal attire from private events to the public parade.

“This exhibition is a very exciting moment for us, we really wanted to launch the new fashion gallery with a display that celebrated British fashion design,” co-curator Sonnet Stanfill said.

The show displays a vast array of specially made designs for social events like debutante balls, royal state occasions and red carpet events spanning 60 years.

Most people are excited by the idea of a fairytale evening, of choosing a gown that shows their level of taste that makes them look their best and presents them in their finest attire, Stanfill told Reuters.

“There is the moment that everyone hopes for when a woman goes to her wardrobe and chooses a gown, to have that moment where you feel like you’re the belle of the ball.”

Visitors stepping into the softly lit halls, will be able to see some of the most beautiful and daring creations from designers such as Alexander McQueen, Vivienne Westwood and Erdem.

Projections of the gowns, shot by photographer David Hughes, are beamed on each alcove of the domed ceiling in crisp detail.

The lower gallery showcases historic gowns dating back to the 1950s, including a Norman Hartnell design for the late Queen Mother and Princess Diana’s “Elvis Dress” by Catherine Walker.

Choosing the designers and the dresses on the display was an extremely difficult task, Stanfill said.

“We really looked for things that showcased different couture techniques, different silhouettes and also of course, it had to be British, so by culling through our permanent collection, we chose the pieces that we felt were the grandest examples.”

White chandeliers and giant silvery pearl necklaces which the mannequins are perched upon make up the new mezzanine level, which was designed to represent a grand ballroom.

But the exhibition isn’t all about parties and layers of tulle and froth, added Stanfill, who said she discovered a layer of subversion beneath Atsuko Kudo’s design, which appears to be lace but is made from latex.

“One of the things I have really enjoyed working for on this show, is notion of subversion…It’s more than just a dress, it’s that one element of surprise that I have really enjoyed discovering,” Stanfill said.

“British design, you think you know what it’s all about and then something comes along and upends your preconceived notions.”

(Reporting by Li-mei Hoang, editing by Paul Casciato)

© 2011 REUTERS (www.reuters.com)

English Treats for Everyone

Posted by: GBlake  :  Category: Lifestyle

Treasure Island

Saturday, May 5 at 7 p.m. on Syfy

What story has withstood the test of time better than Robert Louis Stevenson’s “Treasure Island”? This exotic coming-of-age parable has thrilled readers for nearly 130 years and been filmed dozens of times (counting the movies in various languages since around 1918 and many episodes of television series since the 1950s). Even with all that telling, the latest version of “Treasure Island,” on Syfy this week, stands out as a gem—although some plot changes for the sake of agitprop make it a flawed one.

Syfy

Donald Sutherland as Flint in ‘Treasure Island.’

Shot in dark, stormy Ireland and on the bright seas and sands of Puerto Rico, the movie re-creates the world of seafaring men, including pirates, in such detail that you can almost taste the salt on their cracked lips, feel the sting of the tattoo blade and smell the desperation when the hunt for buried gold becomes a grim battle to survive.

Eddie Izzard stands out as the peg-legged pirate Long John Silver, but the rest of an excellent cast also makes a distinct personality of each character. Toby Regbo plays young Jim Hawkins, the innkeeper’s son whose discovery of a map sets off a long sea voyage from England to find buried treasure on a tropical Island. Elijah Wood, his enormous eyes painted like a peacock’s, is Ben, a castaway who prefers cheese to pearls and holds the final secret to the treasure.

The movie opens with a back story that is not in the novel but a welcome addition. It shows, in explosive detail, how Long John Silver lost his leg. It also puts a face to the old pirate Captain Flint, who is dead in the book but whose malign presence haunts all who knew him. As Flint, Donald Sutherland is scary every second he’s on screen, squinting maliciously through cheeks so puffy that it looks like a Restylane bomb went off under them.

Then the tale begins in its traditional fashion, with Jim’s discovery of the map in the trunk of a dead pirate, Billy Bones (David Harewood), at his mother’s inn. After Jim tells family friend Dr. Livesey (Daniel Mays), the doctor convinces Squire Trelawney (Rupert Penry-Jones) to finance a voyage west by southwest over the sea and to hire Capt. Smollett (Philip Glenister) to command his ship.

Together they set sail, unaware that Long John Silver and some of the crew are former pirates who have long searched for the buried booty. When the ship reaches the island, a pirate mutiny is followed by a series of plots and counterplots, bloody fights and betrayals. Through these Jim learns often painful lessons about trust and loyalty.

Although there is beautiful scenery, “Treasure Island” takes an unflinching look at the hardships of the seafaring life and features genuine tension. After the camp silliness of “Pirates of the Caribbean,” the authenticity is refreshing. As for all the stabbing and the like, well, as Long John Silver says, without violence or the threat of it, “other men take what’s yours and they live the life that should be yours.”

For all its gifts, Stevenson’s story was apparently found lacking in revolutionary fervor by the makers of this version, and in some respects it plays out like “Treasure Island” as told by Che Guevara. Squire Trelawney, for instance, is turned into a vile capitalist pig whose greed kills and (nearly) causes prostitution. The new ending, too, is a trite trick and a big disappointment.

But these are small flaws in a picture that is otherwise a treat. And yes, there is some swashbuckling—for them that likes it. The most satisfying line in the movie, in fact, is a sword-waving line yelled by Capt. Smollett at the departing Long John Silver: “The next time I see you, you’d better come bladed-up, man.”

BBC/Masterpiece

Benedict Cumberbatch as Sherlock and Martin Freeman as Watson in ‘Sherlock.’

***

Sherlock

Sundays at 9 p.m. on PBS

PBS’s 21st-century sleuth “Sherlock” is finally back for a second season, and he’s better than ever. In an introduction to this three-week series, “Masterpiece Mystery” host Alan Cumming explains that in his new incarnation as a modern, youngish man in contemporary England, Sherlock Holmes “has replaced his magnifying glass with the tools of technology, and his powers of deduction have become explosive. His mind has more apps than an iPhone.”

Fortunately for us, the Sherlock who resides at 221B Baker street today is both as fiendishly clever and in some ways even odder than his precursors, and yet more like us because he is so much a man of our times. Actor Benedict Cumberbatch can make Sherlock seem cold—shutting down potential clients with a loud “bor-ing!”—but he’s just as demented as the rest of us when ransacking his apartment for a forbidden pack of cigarettes.

Intricate plots (many updated versions of old favorites), fast pacing and smart, witty writing make “Sherlock” one of the most dazzling confections on TV. Mr. Cumberbatch’s beguiling eyes and talents give his character appeal without compare.

He is ably assisted by Martin Freeman as John Watson, here a former military doctor in Afghanistan who chronicles their exploits in a blog. The two friends are so close that the media speculate they are gay, although only Watson seems to notice, or care. “What in the hell are they implying?” he sputters after reading a description of himself as a “confirmed bachelor.”

But whatever Sherlock is, he is not impervious to the adversary in the first episode, “A Scandal in Belgravia.” Summoned to Buckingham Palace by his brother Mycroft, Sherlock is assigned to reclaim secrets in the cellphone of someone as cunning as he is—a dominatrix who is not only beautiful but, when he first meets her, stark naked.

Although it is he who takes her pulse here, we sense for the first time that his may be capable of racing, too. Their long-distance pas-de-deux seems headed for a terrorist nightmare. Yet its final moments, both participants fully clothed, are thrilling and titillating as only this, best ever, Sherlock can make them.

***

White Heat

Wednesdays at 10 p.m. on BBC America

Also worth watching as it begins is “White Heat,” a six-part BBC America drama that follows a group of seven friends in the U.K. from 1965 to today. The personal and the political will buffet them all as the times change, and after only one episode it’s clear that the more we learn about each of them, the more we will want to know.

A version of this article appeared May 4, 2012, on page D10 in some U.S. editions of The Wall Street Journal, with the headline: English Treats for Everyone.

© 2011 Wall Street Journal (www.wsj.com)

The rise of autism in the UAE

Posted by: GBlake  :  Category: Lifestyle

The Dubai Autism Centre has 46 children on its rolls although it can only accommodate 44. The number of children on its waiting list? Nearly 200.

At the Emirates Autism Centre in Abu Dhabi, which caters for 56 children, there is also a further 200 children waiting to join. The figures echo the sudden rise in the number of children being diagnosed with autism across the UAE.

While just 16 cases of autism were reported to Dubai Autism Centre in 2001, only two years later the number had rocketed to 30.

Worldwide the occurrence of autism has been documented as one child in 88 births. "In the UAE, although no official figures are available I can tell you we are on the same track," says Sara Ahmad Baker, head of the community service unit, Dubai Autism Centre. "Autism is definitely on the rise. There is more awareness of the condition and improved diagnosis and assessment techniques so more cases are coming to light. However, the more worrying factor is that there could be an as yet unidentified reason for this rise, something psychiatrists and doctors have yet to ascertain."

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© 2011 Gulf News (www.gulfnews.com)

15 ways to be happy

Posted by: GBlake  :  Category: Lifestyle

It’s official: Having a purpose in life can actually help you live longer. Apparently those who have one – which could range from something ambitious like scaling Mount Everest to a relatively simple goal like reading a set of books – are likely to live longer than those who don’t, according to researchers at the Rush University Medical Center in Chicago.

Ask anybody and they’ll tell you setting a goal is relatively easy. It’s investing the time and effort towards achieving it that’s the tricky part. And it is here that the importance of emotional and mental health is most crucial – it’s no secret that people who are emotionally stable and healthy can tackle life’s challenges, bounce back from adversity and build and maintain strong personal and professional relationships. A healthy mind boosts your mood and helps you savour life to the full.

Also important to your motivation is your physical well-being, because a healthy body promotes a healthy mind.

Recognising the importance of these ideas, Friday asked five experts to suggest ways to have a healthy, wholesome and fulfilling life. Follow their 15 top tips for a better life starting today.

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© 2011 Gulf News (www.gulfnews.com)

Like It Or Not, Diversity Isn’t Going Anywhere

Posted by: GBlake  :  Category: Lifestyle

Story By: by Michel Martin

Dealing with diversity is kind of like swimming, says host Michel Martin. The water may be cold, but sometimes, you just have to jump in.

I was thinking about a conversation I had with a friend of mine who just got back from a wedding in Central America. He was telling me how impressed he was that just everybody at his hotel was, it seemed to him, effortlessly bilingual and even multilingual.

People switched back and forth from Spanish to English, and sometimes to French, in the span of minutes, depending on who was standing there and what was needed. I thought: Of course they are. They have to be. Their livelihood and advancement depend on it.

It’s the same thing another friend of mine told me when I was doing some reporting in Canada, and I was similarly impressed with the language skills of the people I ran into there. That friend of mine, a Canadian, laughed at me.

“Of course they are, they have to be bilingual,” he said, “to make a living and, most especially, to get ahead.”

So that’s what came to mind when I started hearing yet again about why diversity doesn’t matter, or at least why it shouldn’t matter, or at least why “liberals” need to do a better job of defending it.

Now this is one of those hardy perennials that tends to come up when there are primary elections, where someone feels the need to draw some ethnic hard line, or racial stress points of one sort or another emerge.

Interestingly enough, recently some conservative writers have rediscovered a 2006 study, published in 2007, that we talked about on Tell Me More. That study was by Robert Putnam, the social scientist famous for his previous work on civic engagement, Bowling Alone.

The work I’m talking about was a massive study of how diversity affects civic engagement, and he found — to his discomfort, actually — that more diverse communities actually suffer in many ways from civic withdrawal. People are less likely to volunteer, vote, give to charity and work on projects together. People trust each other less, so they do less and hunker down.

Can I just tell you? Is this really a surprise? Diversity is hard for the same reason marriage is hard. You’re asking people who were raised in different houses, different families, usually different genders, to submerge a part of themselves for the sake of the whole. You’re asking people to think of someone else’s feelings, if not instead of their own, at least alongside their own. And when was that ever easy, even when you’re in love?

But we don’t tell people to stop getting married. And more to the point, today this country, and in fact the world, is not going to get less diverse. And do we really want to encourage more tribalism, since our recent adventures worked out so well with catastrophes like World War II, the Balkan Wars and the Rwandan genocide? So why don’t we stop whining about what is, and get busy with what could be?

Just focusing on this country again, it seems to me the issue is not whether diversity is a civic strength or liability — that’s interesting and instructive, but rather beside the point at this stage — but rather, how it should be talked about and even taught.

To me the right analogy is a life skill, kind of like swimming — not impossible when you’re older, but easier when you are young; not always necessary, but lifesaving when it is. It seems to me that people who don’t want to face this are the kind of people who live near the beach but never get in the water — which, come to think of it, is why I’m not surprised they are often so grumpy.

Recently, a white National Review writer was fired for a commentary that his editors deemed racist and gratuitously inflammatory. I won’t quarrel with their decision. The writer trafficked in some very tired stereotypes about race and intellect, among other things, but he did say one thing that I found intriguing.

He said he was encouraging his children to make a black friend at work. Now, it was a cynical suggestion meant for political cover, not friendship, but it still wasn’t a bad one. When an ability to function in diverse environments becomes necessary for our livelihoods and advancement, believe me, we will jump in that water, whether it is cold or not.

Bye bye Paco Rabanne

Posted by: GBlake  :  Category: Lifestyle

Indian designer Manish Arora’s year-long association as creative director of French fashion house Paco Rabanne has ended.

Confirming the development, Arora said: "Yes, I am no longer associated with Paco Rabanne but the journey has been amazing. The contract was for one year and I finished a year."

The fashion house, which launched a women’s ready-to-wear line last year, says it ended the contract by mutual agreement.

"We are most grateful to Manish for the work accomplished and the energy that he displayed all along this project," it said in a statement.

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© 2011 Gulf News (www.gulfnews.com)

Reclaiming Rhetoric For The Modern Age

Posted by: GBlake  :  Category: Lifestyle

Story By: by Stuart Kauffman

The Roman poet and philosopher Titus Lucretius Carus (circa 95 – 55 BC)

I was fascinated a few years ago to learn the initial meaning in the Greek agora and among its citizens of “rhetoric.” But first, what do we now mean by the term?

Alva wrote recently about cigarette packages carrying frightening images of the consequences of smoking. He described it as propaganda, meant to manipulate, not persuade with the truth. He makes a powerful case.

We now think of rhetoric as, essentially, propaganda. Rhetoric is used to overstate and, often, misrepresent a case. In Alva’s good phrase, it is used to “manipulate.” In today’s sense, “rhetoric” is slightly malign, intentionally misleading, not to be trusted.

Hence my astonishment when I learned (a claim I assume is true) that in ancient Greece the meaning of rhetoric — and the reason it was taught widely in Greece and the Roman Empire — was quite different.

Citizens found themselves confronted with practical, real-life choices, where they did not have access to “all the facts,” yet had to make a real decision in face of uncertainty. Rhetoric evolved as the “art” of reasonably persuading one’s peers of a course of action in the face of uncertainty.

On learning this, two big issues snap into place for me. First, if not for these sensible reasons, why did the Greeks and Romans teach rhetoric with so much care? Presumably rhetoric was an aspect of responsible citizenship.

I’m reading now the wonderful new book The Swerve, by Stephen Greenblatt, about the rediscovery of the Roman poet Lucretius in 1417 by one Poggio Bracciolini. He was a papal scribe and more, perhaps in the German monastery of Fulda. The discovery did much to pitch the Western world into the flowering humanism of the Renaissance, after perhaps 700 or 800 years of intellectual confinement to the authority of the church.

The second big issue that hits me is this: why do we not teach rhetoric in the ancient sense now? I suspect the answer is the role of science since Newton. We truly believe that science will know and, as Alva wrote, we can be informed of the facts and use reason as our basis of judgement.

Rhetoric, in this worldview, has no civil job to do; just the facts, please.

But I think this view mistakes our real world today. We, like the ancient Greeks, often do not know “the facts” as they stand, or those that may become relevant.

Then, in face of this uncertainty, we, like the Greeks, still have to decide.

If so, it seems to me that rhetoric — in the sense of the ancient world — remains honorable and is part of our civic duty.